IFIP Congress '96 Goes to Australia
The International Office of the Future
IFIP Congress 2000 Will Be in Beijing
The Computer Society of South Africa
Who's Who: Prof. Dipak Khakhar
Curriculum in Computer Science
SG14 Summary
Communication Technology for IFIP
E-mail for Developing Countries
Intellectual Property Rights
Management of Distributed Systems
Obituary: Prof. Konrad Zuse
Computers for Those with Special Needs
Info. Highway for Developing Countries
Member Society Reports
IFIP Bulletin On-line
Grafendorfer Honored by CEPIS
Humor from New Zealand
National Abbreviations
Calls for Papers
Future IFIP Meetings
If the excellent program planned for IFIP Congress '96, to be
held 2-6 September in Canberra, Australia, hasn't persuaded you
to register yet, perhaps the following information about
Australia will entice you.
September ushers in spring to Australia. Go see, hear, feel,
and taste the open spaces by bus, car, train, or air. Or go bush
walking, or take a cycling adventure. From the Deep Space Station
at Tidbinbilla (part of the NASA network) to the old and new
Parliament Houses (the nation's meeting places), War Memorial,
Mint, and National Film and Sound Archives (like none you've ever
seen or heard), there are sights, sounds, and tastes for
everyone. And there is more.
Canberra's Spring Festival Floriade explodes with vivid
displays of flora, fauna, and the sounds of exotic Australian
birds. Explore a wildlife sanctuary, or wander through Canberra's
botanic gardens, or just experience the historic and the
picturesque. It is all unbelievably close and easy to get to.
The 14th World Computer Congress comprises three conferences:
Advanced IT Tools, Mobile Communications, and Teleteaching 96.
They were described in the IFIP Newsletter in June 1995 (page 1),
and the keynote speakers and tutorials were discussed in the
December 1995 Newsletter (page 3). In addition, the conferences
will be preceded by tutorials in Sydney and Melbourne; a
technical exhibition will take place; and social activities and
tours will be available. For further information, contact
14th World Congress, IFIP'96 GPO Box 2200 Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia tel: +61 6 257 3299, fax: +61 6 257 3256 e-mail: ifip96@acs.org.au WWW: http://www.acs.org.au/ifip96.html
WG8.4 to Hold Conference in Arizona in April
by Dr. Bernard Glasson (AUS)* and
Prof. Douglas Vogel (USA)**
Globalization of business, internationalization of trade, and
the increasing prevalence of multicultural, interdisciplinary
teams are beginning to redefine the nature of office work.
Different-time/different-place/different-culture teams will
become the norm. Same-time/same-place/same-culture workgroups
will become the exception. The International Office of the Future
(IOF) will be a dramatically different environment from that
which exists in the majority of today's organizations. Imagine a
meeting in the IOF:
As the participants arrive at their local conference rooms,
the walls near the conference table light up with live video
images from similar meeting sites at other locations around the
world. Participants feel as if they are all present in the same
room. Following introductions, the group leader, assisted by a
cultural broker (one who facilitates the exchange of information
or ideas among people of different national, professional, or
organizational backgrounds), presents an agenda that includes
phases of electronically supported problem surfacing or framing,
creative brainstorming, information organization, consensus
formation, and generation of action plans.
Group members are invited to present their opinions and
participate in the discussions verbally as well as through use of
a wide variety of technologies, including personal notepads,
wireless digital assistants, and conventional laptop computers,
enhanced with electronic pens and voice recognition as well as
keyboards. Electronic "agents" directed by group
members seek out relevant information that may bear on the topic
at hand and help group similar ideas, based on participant
comments.
As the meeting draws to a close, some participants record on
diskette, or other bulk-storage media, information that they want
to personally retain. Other participants send meeting information
directly to their office computers, to continue their work and
seek additional input. In addition, public information is stored
in a team memory system, to be accessed and used by others with
an interest in the meeting outcome.
This scenario is but one of many examples possible in the IOF.
In fact, the IOF can perhaps be best characterized as a
"space" rather than a place.
Conference in April
Prospects for the IOF give rise to numerous questions. What
are the salient issues? What design options or solution
strategies exist to address these issues? How might these design
options be best implemented? What are their implications? In
order to address these issues, the IFIP Working Group on Office
Systems (WG8.4) is sponsoring a conference entitled The
International Office of the Future: Design Options and Solution
Strategies, at the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, April
9-11. The purpose of this conference is to provide a forum and
prototype environment in which researchers and practitioners can
interact. Electronic meeting technologies and facilities will be
available for participant use and evaluation.
Specific topics include multicultural-team productivity,
platform requirements, global telecommunications, effective use
of the Internet and the information highway, information-system
infrastructure, business systems and processes, and
social/political implications.
The General Chair of the conference is Jay Nunamaker (USA),
the Program Chair is Bernard Glasson (AUS), and the Organizing
Committee Chair is Doug Vogel (USA). For further information,
please contact
MIS Department, attn. D. Vogel 430EE McClelland Hall University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A. tel: +1 (602) 621 2748, fax: +1 (602) 621-2433 e-mail: vogel@bpa.arizona.edu
The IOF Trilogy
This conference is the second in a trilogy that will expose
the basic issues, generate ideas -- both conceptual and practical
-- to address these issues, and report on and demonstrate how
these ideas have been implemented and have worked in practice.
The first conference in the WG8.4 IOF trilogy was held in
conjunction with IFIP Congress '94 in Hamburg, Germany. The
resulting monograph, The International Office of the Future: A
problem analysis, was published by Delft University of Technology
in February 1995. This "Arizona event" is the second in
the trilogy. The outcomes will, in part, be used in the planning
and conduct of the final event in the trilogy -- a global,
multisite conference to be held in September 1997, intended to
simulate and demonstrate the office environment of a globally
distributed real or virtual organisation. Researchers
participating in this final event will enjoy the opportunity to
experience working in a truly globally distributed environment
and to conduct a number of relevant experiments.
A final objective of these activities will be the use of
technology to assist in the development of a specification of the
information systems and technology requirements of the IOF.
Interested parties are invited to join the WG8.4 list server
to stay abreast of emerging discussions. To join the list, send a
message to majordomo@iof.curtin.edu.au.
The body should contain the line
subscribe IFIPwg84 The home page address is http://www.cba.uga.edu/conferences/IFIP.html
Related ACM Conference
After this WG8.4 event was first announced, the organisers became aware of a conference organized by the ACM SIG on Computer Personnel, entitled The Virtual Workplace: Impact on Individuals, Organisations and Societies. Because of the complementary nature of the two conference themes, IFIP WG8.4 and the ACM have agreed to collaborate to enable those who are interested to attend both events. The WG8.4 event will finish around noon on April 11, in sufficient time for participants to fly to Denver for the early evening start of the ACM SIGCPR event. The home page for the ACM event is
* chairman of IFIP TC8
** chairman of IFIP WG8.4
Prof. Kurt Bauknecht (CH), president of IFIP, announced in
January that Beijing, China, had been chosen as the site of IFIP
Congress 2000 by a mail ballot of the General Assembly. More
details of the Congress will be reported in future issues of this
Newsletter.
Host to 1996 IFIP Council
by Mr. Christopher Guy (ZA)*
The Computer Society of South Africa (CSSA) is the third
oldest such association in the world, having been formally
incorporated in 1958. (The American Computer Users Association
was founded in 1947, and the British Computer Society was formed
from the London Computer Group in 1957.) It is worth noting that
at the time of the incorporation of the CSSA, there was only one
computer installed in South Africa -- a Hollerith HEC4. It is
also worth noting that the processing power of the HEC4 was
considerably less than that installed in just about any modern
automobile!
In retrospect, the aims and objectives of the original founders of the CSSA were remarkably percipient:
With the possible exception of the fourth point, the Society
has remained remarkably true to these ideals during its nearly
forty years of existence. It has always focused primarily on the
needs and aspirations of individuals within the industry.
The CSSA is organized into regional chapters situated in the
main population centres around the country. In the larger
chapters, Special Interest Groups (SIGs) organize events such as
seminars and workshops to disseminate information to both members
and nonmembers. In the smaller centres, the chapters themselves
organize events.
A small, full-time Secretariat is responsible for the
day-to-day running of the Society, which now has more than 5 000
members. (Entry into the Society as a Full Member requires a
recognized and relevant tertiary educational qualification
together with an appropriate period of experience within the
profession.) An Executive Committee is elected every year, which
in turn, elects the officers.
The CSSA's relationship with IFIP goes back to early in 1968,
when the Society wrote to apply for membership. The response from
IFIP was a letter which "expressed concern over the
possibility that no coloured member members would be allowed in
the Society...." A letter informing IFIP that this was not
so seems to have been disregarded, and it wasn't until 1971 that
the matter came up again. The then President of the CSSA, Ms.
Virginia Marting, was invited by the new IFIP president, Acad.
Anatol Dorodnicyn (FSU) to address the General Assembly of IFIP,
in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia. After a presentation in which Ms.
Marting presented a large sample of South African newspaper
advertisements showing job opportunities for persons of all
races, the application was put to a secret ballot, and approved.
The relationship with IFIP was cemented when the TC6
International Data Communications Meeting was held in South
Africa in November 1974. Since then, many other IFIP events have
been held in South Africa; the 1984 Council meeting took place in
Cape Town; two South Africans have been elected as Trustees (Mr.
Hennie le Roux and Mr. Christopher Guy); and Prof. Basie von
Solms is chairman of TC11.
As we race towards the millennium, the Society's challenge is
to seek a meaningful role in promoting the use of people and
computer technology to improve and uplift the lives of South
African society as a whole. The CSSA is pleased once again to
host an IFIP Council meeting and to have an opportunity to meet
the participants.
* representative of South Africa, and IFIP trustee
Theoretical Computer Science (TCS) is an old field, yet one
that has had significant accomplishments in recent years. To
explain why IFIP waited until 1989 to establish a Specialist
Group (SG) devoted to TCS, Prof. Jozef Gruska (SK), chairman of
SG14, the SG on TCS, stated that in the early years of IFIP, it
was felt that most theory was part of or related to programming,
so that theory belonged in the Technical Committee (TC) on
Programming (TC2). In particular, the Working Group on Formal
Description of Programming Concepts (WG2.2) had carried out the
bulk of the TCS work in IFIP. In 1989 -- at the initiative of
Prof. Wilfried Brauer (D), now an IFIP vice-president -- an
invitation was issued to Prof. Gruska by Acad. Blagovest Sendov
(BG), then president-elect of IFIP, to present a proposal to the
IFIP Technical Assembly. The proposal was accepted, and SG14 was
formed. It is anticipated that it will soon be transformed into a
TC.
Over the years, theoreticians have made significant
contributions to IFIP Congresses. In fact, for many years, an
invited talk at an IFIP Congress has been the most prestigious
presentation for theoreticians. In the San Francisco (1989) and
Hamburg (1994) Congresses, theory sessions, especially those with
invited talks, drew the largest audiences and were attended
mostly by people outside of theory, who were eager to hear about
new ideas coming from theory and to see, hear, and meet renowned
people known to them through text-books.
The major difference between IFIP TCs and SGs, other than the temporary nature of the latter (an SG must be converted to a TC or a WG within a specified number of years), is that the membership of a TC consists of one representative per IFIP Member society. Since SGs are not constrained in that way, they can recruit the very best people, regardless of nationality -- even from nations not belonging to IFIP. SG14, in fact, numbers among its members six recipients of the prestigious A.M. Turing Award (bestowed by the U.S. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)).
Exactly what is TCS, we asked Prof. Gruska. He replied with an
analogy: just as physics tries to find the laws of limitations in
the physical world, TCS tries to find the laws of limitations in
the computational world. He then went on to discuss major areas
of TCS.
Major Areas of TCS
Complexity theory has made many very significant
contributions. The proofs of the existence of various
"complete" problems, especially NP-complete problems,
have illuminated the structure of the space of algorithmic
problems. Nowadays it is clear that the complexity of problems of
continuous mathematics is also very important. The recent
invention of interactive protocols has brought not only a very
different view to the essence of computation, but also to one of
the most basic concepts of modern science: proof. Radically new
types of proof have been developed -- interactive,
zero-knowledge, and holographic -- with surprising properties.
Several other areas of complexity have also been intensively
developed -- for example, communication complexity and
descriptional complexity.
Parallel and distributed computing is another area in which
research has been focused for many years. One of its main goals
has been to develop a good model of parallel computers that could
play the unifying role for parallel computing that the von
Neumann model did for sequential computing. A good understanding
of the relations among various models has been obtained through
various simulation techniques. Design and analysis of
interconnection networks has also brought deeper understanding of
the power of various communication structures. Theoretical
computer architecture has emerged as an area with important
contributions. The design and analysis of parallel and
distributed algorithms is also a very broad area of research that
tries to understand the power of various parallel architectures.
Cryptography and security of computations and communications is a
relatively new area with very impressive contributions; for
example, public key cryptosystems, authentication, and digital
signatures are widely available in commercial sys- tems.
Cryptographic protocols, which can be used to solve in a secure
way apparently unsolvable problems, are another important
contribution of this theory. Randomization also plays an
important role.
Computing by nature is a new field. Some say that computing in
the 19th century was performed by man; in the 20th cen- tury, by
machine; and in the 21st century, it will be per- formed by
nature. TCS is studying alternative ways of computing by nature,
such as quantum computing. We already have concepts of quantum
computer, quantum Turing machine, and quantum complexity theory,
and a proof exists that polynomial-time quantum computing is more
powerful than polynomial-time computing on classical computers.
Genetic computing is another popular area within the TCS
community. Genetic Turing machines have turned out to be more
powerful than quantum Turing machines. Neural comput- ing has
also been successfully investigated. Perhaps the most impressive
results along these lines have been the ones showing the
feasibility of molecular computing, where enor- mous parallelism
can be employed to solve difficult prob- lems. In fact, it is
speculated that molecular computing will easily provide more
computational power than all the computers yet built.
These other major areas of TCS were also discussed by Prof. Gruska:
Unfortunately, space does not permit us to describe all of
them.
The SG14 Working Groups
So far, five working groups have been established within SG14
WG14.1: Continuous algorithms and complexity (established in 1990) WG14.2: Descriptional complexity (established in 1990) WG14.3: Foundations of system specifications (established in 1992) WG14.4: Computational learning theory (established in 1995) WG14.5: Cellular automata (established in 1994)
The activities of these working groups have concentrated on
workshops.
The LATIN Conferences
A significant activity for SG14 has been participation in the
organization of the "LATIN" conferences. South America
has a long-standing, thriving TCS community. A significant step
in providing an identity, self-confidence, and regular contacts
with the world-wide TCS community for the South American theorist
has been the establishment of a series of TCS conferences in
South America, called LATIN (Latin America Theoretical
INformatic), sponsored by SG14. These conferences have a very
good reputation and have become a part of the international
calendar of main events in TCS.
The Future of TCS
Prof. Gruska. says that it is becoming increasingly clear that
the scientific base of TCS has larger goals than just to serve
computer and communication technologies and their applications.
The TCS community must broaden its research scope, deepen its
investigations, and extend its methodologies. To accomplish this,
it will be necessary to open new lines of research and to work on
multidisciplinary problems with other sciences and technologies.
The TCS community must also grow geographically. Developing
countries must have a high level of education in computing, and
theory holds an irreplaceable position in computing education.
Promoting new areas of research and multidisciplinary
research, and supporting TCS development outside its main centers
seems to be what SG14 can and should do in order to contribute
both to theory development and to the IFIP mission.
<Every once in a while, we receive information about a very
interesting IFIP project, months or years after it has taken
place. Nevertheless, it may be sufficiently interesting to bring
it to the attention of the IFIP community, even at a very late
date. This article is one of those cases. -- Editor>
In 1994, IFIP and the UNESCO Intergovernmental Informatics
Program published A Modular Curriculum in Computer Science, a
booklet of over 100 pages that gives the overall structure and
hierarchical presentation of a curriculum for those areas
considered to be parts of computer science. The description of
each module gives its objectives, prerequisites, outline,
contents (divided into topics, with a suggestion for what
percentage of the module each topic should occupy), and
bibliography. The book, published by UNESCO in English, is
intended as a guide for establishing curricula in computer
science, primarily for developing countries.
The history of this book goes back to 1984, when IFIP's
Technical Committee on Education (TC3) prepared the first version
of the book, which was widely circulated, under a contract from
UNESCO. As a result of many helpful suggestions and the
dramatically changing discipline of computer science, TC3 decided
to revise the book. Most of the work was done during a three-day
workshop in January 1993. Virtually all of the authors of the
first book participated. Financial aid was provided by IFIP, the
U.S. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), the Swiss
Federation of Informatics, and the University of Geneva.
The following paragraphs, from the introduction to the book,
give greater detail. *
It was clear to the authors of this report that any attempt to
modify or adapt curricula that have been found valuable in the
more advanced countries to accord with some preconceived ideas of
the needs of developing countries would be unwise and probably
misleading. They prefer to present, in as broad and comprehensive
a way as possible, the total content of computer science as it
has developed, for example, in the United States of America and
Europe, and to offer universities and other institutions the
background information from which courses can be constructed to
meet local needs. In line with this approach, the following
procedure has been adopted.
The subject matter of computer science or informatics has been
presented as a framework of interrelated modules, each with its
own objectives and general outline and, in most cases, with the
content described in some detail. Where possible, the
interrelations and prerequisites are indicated.
It is therefore necessary for users of the report to select
appropriate modules and to devise courses with specific
objectives, introducing such additional integration, practical
experience and balance as may be necessary in each curriculum. In
some modules, it has been recognized that the content may depend
considerably on local conditions, such as the form of
administration and the nature of the national economy and
culture, and in these, the treatment of the subject must be
developed accordingly. ...
Developing nations have the same need as those in the
forefront of the technological evolution of computing to be aware
of the newer developments in hardware, software, and
applications. In many instances, it may be the more recent
developments that offer the greatest or more immediate benefits
to such countries. In implementing curricula, therefore, every
effort must be made to ensure that the content can be kept up to
date and relevant to local needs. ...
Teachers, Equipment, Libraries
No course should be taught without adequate teaching staff.
Obviously, one should seek out the most qualified staff that can
be afforded. This may not be easy in these days when there is
such a demand by industry and government for well-qualified
computer scientists. Frequently, colleges and universities cannot
compete financially with industry and government. Moreover,
schools are not yet producing enough graduates to meet the
current increasing demand. ...
Clearly, some type of computing equipment should be available
for the students and faculty to use. Just as laboratories are
available for physics and chemistry, for example, some type of
computer laboratory should be available for computer science.
Teaching a relatively full computer science curriculum without
computers is just not realistic. ...
Scientific journals are an absolute must for a library,
despite their cost. It is the only way to keep in touch with the
topics and the results of international research. ...
Some non-profit organizations also distribute good price
per-value software. ...
Practical Experience
Last but not least, students should be encouraged to seek practical experience in industry or government. Many students now participate in what is called a cooperative programme, in which the school cooperates with industry or government, and the student goes to school one semester and
then out to work the next, or some variation on this plan. In
this way, upon graduation the student already has realistic
experience, and in fact may continue to work at the same place.
Such students are usually in great demand. ...
In order to get a copy of A Modular Curriculum in Computer Science, one may contact
Prof. Bernard Levrat University of Geneva CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland e-mail: levrat@uni2a.unige.ch
* (c) UNESCO
KnowRight '95 Was Held in Vienna
by Klaus Brunnstein (D)* and Peter
Paul Sint (A)**
From 21 to 25 August 1995, approximately 150 delegates
gathered in Vienna to participate in KnowRight '95, an
international conference on Intellectual Property Rights, Global
Networks, and Multimedia. The conference was sponsored by the
Austrian Computer Society, assisted by the United Nations
Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) UNESCO, TERMNET (an
international standards and terminology organisation) and IFIP
(in particular, Technical Committee 9 (TC9) on the Relationship
between Computers and Society), and supported by many other
organisations. Klaus Brunnstein (D), the TC9 chairman, and Peter
Paul Sint (A) were joint chairmen of the conference; TC9 members
were active participants on the International Program Committee;
and Walter Grafendorfer (A), an IFIP trustee, served as the
conference Organizing Committee chairman. The Conference
proceedings were edited and printed by the Austrian Computer
Society.
Intellectual property rights, as understood and legally
implemented today, especially by copyrights and patents, have
developed over the centuries as a result of technical innovation,
starting with Gutenberg's invention of book printing. Many
believe that the basic principles and concepts have been
custom-tailored to the dominant interests of publishers, while
the interests of customers of protected products have rarely been
envisaged.
Applying such ancient concepts in the light of newly emerging
information and communication technologies carries basic risks,
since inherited concepts and principles may hardly be applicable.
For example, some countries allow software and even algorithms to
be patented, while others strictly forbid this. In growingly
globalized economic and governmental work, such contradictions
may hinder new forms of net-based work and may even make valuable
resources and processes unavailable for broadly desired needs.
Moreover, paradigmatic changes such as cooperative networking with multifunctional and multimedia systems call for new laws. As an example, let's assume that a semantically meaningful combination of pieces of information is represented in diverse media and based on individually copyrighted work:
the smile of Mona Lisa displayed to the accompaniment of a Mozart melody and Hamlet's words, "To be or not to be...."
If such a combination forms a valuable work, it may also be
worthy of copyright protection. What then is the relation between
the copyrights of the "atomic" elements and the
combined piece?
Because such questions can be answered only if lawyers,
computer and communication professionals, and experts in
commerce, education, libraries, and archives cooperate, KnowRight
'95 was organized in order to start such an interdisciplinary
discourse. The conference Organizing and Program Committees were
successful in attracting outstanding experts in related areas to
address the participants.
The Speeches
The keynote speaker, Jens Gaster of the European Union,
discussed recent developments in EU copyright law, to which
Thomas Dreier (D) added a historical perspective in his talk
"Copyright from Gutenberg to Data Highways." Thomas
Hoeren (D) contributed an analysis of problems in the draft EU
directive on copyrights, which was also complemented by critical
discussion of different approaches, especially in U.S. law. Here,
some emerging international conflict in law should be avoided,
according to Hoeren.
Pamela Samuelson (USA), in a very convincing lecture,
suggested a new (hybrid) paradigm developed from concepts of
copyright and patents. In introducing her (and colleagues')
"manifesto," she opened the forum for much broader
discussions.
Legal and technical aspects of multimedia systems linked
through the World Wide Web became another focus of KnowRight '95.
While Austrian scientists presented the technical background of
Hyper-G, a WWW tool with built-in security, at the University of
Graz, Rosemary Shiels (USA) vividly demonstrated how to be
innovative with law curricula, through carefully developed use of
multimedia in education.
Charles Clarke (GB) earned much agreement for his positions on
the role of "The Publisher in the Digital World." Other
contributions covered multimedia pilot projects, basic legal
concepts of intellectual property rights (e.g., questions of
legal protection of algorithms, software, and, especially, neural
networks), terminologies and standards, and technical means for
enforcing legal protection, e.g., by watermarking documents and
by protecting Electronic Document Interchange (EDI) and
especially sensitive data (such as those related to digital cash)
by cryptoboxes.
In his opening speech, Dr. Raoul Kneucker of the Austrian
Ministry for Research, Technology, and Arts described the
mission: "Work, Don't Rest!" This was a generally
accepted principle, since even the social events in the beautiful
Viennese environment permitted intense methodological discourse.
Follow-up
Since legal and technical issues require follow-up
discussions, participants agreed that an electronic discussion
forum should continue, aiming at preparing future workshops and
conferences, culminating, hopefully, in KnowRight '98 as a major
part of IFIP Congress '98 in Vienna and Budapest. Fortunately,
both UNIDO and UNESCO have established working groups on related
issues, the participants of which partly overlap those of
KnowRight. It was broadly agreed that conference participants
should join a UNIDO electronic discussion group organised with
the technical support of the University of Hamburg.
It was argued that intellectual rights must be balanced with
duties (e.g., liabilities), which requires an analysis of
customer needs. Moreover, "information property" must
be balanced against the free flow of information, e.g., in
education, libraries, and archives, since new information is
usually based on some freely available information gained during
education or scientific discourse. Such balance between
individual rights and free access to society's heritage needs
special consideration for computer networks.
While the first phase of this electronic cooperation is
devoted to the analysis of principles and understanding, a second
phase will aim at developing -- if possible and necessary -- new
solutions, both legal and technical. Implementation of such
measures will, in a third phase, also involve international
harmonization or at least "interoperability" of diverse
legal codes. KnowRight '98 may then summarize the attempts and
insights, as well as the failed hopes.
Will readers with questions or who wish to work actively in "Project KnowRight" please send their messages to Klaus Brunnstein: brunnstein@informatik.uni-hamburg.de
The discussion group's address is knowright@informatik.uni-hamburg.de
This is not a list server with automatic subscription, since we
wish to concentrate on active contributions, with due netiquette!
* former chairman of TC9, and joint chairman of KnowRight '95
** joint chairman of KnowRight '95
Prof. Dipak Khakhar
Prof. Dipak Khakhar was born in India and received his public
school education in Bombay. His university education, however,
was acquired abroad. He was awarded the honors degree of Bachelor
of Technology in Metallurgical Engineering and Management by
Loughborough University of Technology, England, in 1968, followed
by a Ph.D. in Information and Computer Science by Lund
University, Sweden, in 1978.
During his doctoral studies and after graduation, he served as
Lecturer in the Department of Informatics of Lund University, and
since 1985 he has been an Associate Professor. He is also a
national coordinator at the Council for the Renewal of
Undergraduate Education. He was Dean of the Department of
Informatics from 1989 to 1994. In addition, he has consulted for
a number of Swedish and international companies and presented
lectures and workshops around the world (many for IFIP). His
areas of interest are data communications, strategic use of
information technology, distributed computing, and human-computer
interaction. He is also interested in case-based and open
distance-learning environments.
He has been a member of the board of the Swedish Information
Processing Society, the IFIP Member society, and in 1985 was
named its representative to TC6, the Technical Committee on
Communication Systems, a position he still holds. He has also
been TC6 treasurer. In 1989, he was appointed the Swedish
representative to the General Assembly. He has served on several
IFIP committees and as chairman of the Finance Committee since
1992. In 1991, he was elected an IFIP Trustee. He was awarded the
IFIP Silver Core in 1992. Many of us know him as the tireless
worker who, single-handedly, has produced the Member Society
Catalog, organized the IFIP Lectureship Program, and regularly
updated the What Is IFIP? brochure.
In addition to his IFIP activities, he is a vice-president of
the International Council for Computer Communication (ICCC).
Prof. Khakhar and his wife Kerstin have two sons and a
grandson. In his leisure time, he takes pleasure in cooking,
golf, and skiing.
WG6.6 Held Workshop in Ottawa
by Dr. Salah Aidarous (CDN)*
The sixth International Workshop on Distributed Systems:
Operations and Management was held in Ottawa, Canada, October
16-18, 1995. It covered the operations and management of
application software and services within a distributed system and
the impact of advanced computing and network technologies on
network and service management. The workshop was attended by 80
experts and practitioners, representing the computing and
telecommunications industries, service providers, and corporate
and end-user communities.
The evolution of broadband and narrowband services to large,
interconnected networks with interorganizational, distributed
applications will be supported by distributed management
techniques, systems, and tools. As distributed management
technology matures, many implementation challenges are being
encountered. The workshop emphasis was on the experiences gained
and the challenges faced in the implementation of distributed
management technologies.
Topics discussed covered current management technologies
(e.g., SNMP and OSI) and their evolution to distributed
processing (e.g., ODP). Key issues included when, where, and how
to apply distributed management, the transition from current
infrastructures, and how to ensure interoperability of networks
and management systems in a multi-paradigm management
environment. Because of the large number of standards bodies and
implementation fora that deal with different aspects of
implementing distributed management, there is a need to harmonize
these activities and provide a consistent set of solutions to the
industry.
Management platforms (hardware and software) to support
emerging distributed management techniques and the deployment of
distributed applications was an area of interest. The challenge
is for software applications from different suppliers to
efficiently interwork and provide added value to the business.
Several applications of distributed management were discussed,
including Network Management, ATM/Broadband Management, and
Information Management. The views presented indicated the need to
change the way equipment suppliers, service providers, and
corporate customers do business. Distributed technologies should
support flexible evolution of networks, the services they
support, and the organizations that run the business. Performance
prediction of distributed applications is key to successful
implementation. Performance modeling and monitoring tools are
needed for the design and development of distributed management
applications.
Examples and case studies, from providers of services and
providers of equipment and systems, were discussed. Presentations
covered various aspects, from strategies to introduce distributed
management in enterprise and network management to management
frameworks for broadband network services. Cost-effective
strategies for the transition from the current environment and
interworking with existing legacy systems are key implementation
issues.
The workshop was sponsored by the IFIP Working Group on
Network Management for Communication Networks (WG6.6), with
technical co-sponsorship by the U.S. Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Communications Society Technical
Committee on Network Operations and Management (CNOM), and hosted
by Bell-Northern Research, Ottawa, Canada.
Dr. Salah Aidarous (CDN) was chairman of the International
Program Committee, and Mr. Bill Robinson (CDN) was chair of the
Organizing Committee.
* chairman of the International Program Committee of the
workshop
Conference to be Held in Zimbabwe
by Mr. Geoff Fairall (ZW)*
The application of information technology for the benefit of
all is now recognised as an important component for development.
The spread of this technology to regions such as southern Africa
is limited only by the ability of the local telecommunications
authorities to provide adequate and up-to-date data
communications facilities. Internationally, a global information
infrastructure initiative is taking place, featuring the
international data highway within and between industrialised
countries.
Consequently, the Computer Society of Zimbabwe is organising CCDC/AFRICOM'96 in Harare, Zimbabwe 15-17 October. (CCDC stands for Computer Communication in Developing Countries.) Mr. Geoff Fairall (ZW) is chairman of the Organizing Committee, and Mr. Lawrence Gudza (ZW) is chairman of the International Program Committee. The Conference aims to
The ICCC (International Council for Computer Communications,
an Affiliate Member of IFIP) and IFIP, two important
international bodies, desire the global information
infrastructure to be extended to and bring benefit to developing
countries. For this reason, they promote the holding of
conferences and workshops such as CCDC/AFRICOM'96, which is the
fifth such event in Africa.
The Computer Society of Zimbabwe considers the strategy and
policy issues surrounding the development of data communications
facilities to be the most important aspect; thus, the Conference
proper will not be a technical one. Separate technical workshops
before or after the Conference, however, have been proposed.
The timing of CCDC/AFRICOM'96 has been chosen to coincide with
the annual IT AFRICA Exhibition, which will have a
"communications" flavour in 1996 and present the
opportunity for the demonstration of the latest products and
services of interest to the region.
The topics will include
The Conference will take place over three days, in which
papers will be presented covering the various topics. Working
group sessions will allow group participation and discussion,
with final sessions including conference feedback.
Proceedings, including records of deliberations and
resolutions, will hopefully form the basis of, or at least
influence, national policies in the region.
Further information can be obtained from
The Computer Society of Zimbabwe P.O. Box CY 164 Causeway Harare, Zimbabwe tel: +263-4-795021/792431, fax: +263-4-708861 e-mail: csz@grf.uz.zw or csz@harare.iafrica.com
* IFIP vice-president, and Organizing Committee chairman of
CCDC/AFRICOM'96
Nineteen Member societies of IFIP prepared annual reports for
the 1995 General Assembly (GA) in Calgary last September. Many
interesting trends and ideas from the Members' activities during
the preceding year are highlighted in these reports. We present
here some of the most interesting and pervasive comments.
The most common activity discussed was gaining access to the
Internet or some other on-line service, or providing e-mail
service for members, free or at low cost. The Australian Member
society faced an interesting dilemma. They originally thought
that advertising would enable them to offer a very inexpensive
on-line service to their members; however, insufficient
advertising revenues forced them to increase the fees charged.
Another common trend involves harmonizing international
standards for Information Technology professionals. The Canadian
Member society is especially interested in such a project.
Several other Members presently set standards for their nations,
and the Australian Member does this for foreign professionals in
Australia. The Singapore Member suggested that IFIP establish
international standards.
Several Members reported large professional events or large
numbers of events. The Brazilian Member had 2200 attendees at its
15th annual congress. The Hungarian Member's congress, which
focused on the five years of democracy and market economy and
their impact on informatics in Hungary, attracted over 600
participants. The Japanese Member held two national conventions
with a total of 3700 participants. The Norwegian Member held 94
seminars and conferences and 130 society meetings; its Software
'95 conference had 1100 participants and 18 000 exhibition
attendees. The Swedish member held 80 events.
Three Members discussed collaborations with other Members. The
Swedish Member is especially interested in exchanges of
information with other Members.
Financial Problems
Several of the smaller Members mentioned their difficult financial circumstances. One, recently on the brink of dissolving, reported the hope of soon returning to normal operation. Another asked IFIP for suggestions how a small society can manage to participate in IFIP. (The major expense is not the annual dues, which are tailored to the size of the Member, but the cost of sending representatives to the meetings of the GA and Technical Committees (TCs). This
perennial problem deserves thoughtful consideration by the
GA.) One Member reported that it was concentrating its
international activities with the Council of European
Professional Informatics Societies (CEPIS, an Affiliate Member of
IFIP) and might no longer be able to afford participation in
IFIP. The Norwegian Member reported that it was establishing a
foundation for international work to which Norwegian TC
representatives could apply for financial support.
The reports also contained a number of other interesting
activities and ideas. The Austrian Member would like IFIP TCs and
Working Groups (WGs) to prepare articles for publication in
Member society publications. The Canadian Member reported
studying a serious crisis in Canadian software human resources,
and efforts to make the Canadian information technology industry
more visible. The Danish Member asked for a revival of the IFIP
Annual Report. It also requested that the IFIP Secretariat
provide it with the names and addresses of all Danish WG members,
IFIP Newsletter subscribers, and participants in IFIP-sponsored
events. Such listings could help all Member societies recruit new
members. The German Member called for closer IFIP ties with
industry. The Japanese Member reported that it is urging its
members to attend IFIP Congress '96 in Canberra in September (see
the article on page __). The Norwegian Member reported a 13%
annual increase in membership. The U.S. Member, an organization
whose sole mission is to support IFIP, reports holding frequent
meetings by teleconference and an annual in-person, two-day
meeting.
At the September 1995 IFIP General Assembly (GA) in Calgary,
Dr. Walter Grafendorfer (A), then chairman of the Marketing
Committee, announced the initiation of a project to develop
e-mail facilities for GA representatives from developing
countries (DCs) who do not already have such access. The phases
of the project are as follows:
1. Identify the need for e-mail and telecommunication facilities for GA representatives from DCs, and their societies.
2. Request contributions (financial, equipment, and expert advice) from IFIP Member societies, companies, and other entities, and channel them to the designated recipients.
3. Make available e-mail IDs and space for World Wide Web (WWW) home pages, at the IFIP server, located at the Institute for Applied Informatics and Information Technologies of the University of Vienna.
4. Assist GA representatives to develop WWW home pages for
their societies, maintained on the IFIP server and referenced in
the IFIP WWW home page.
The project is now under way and is expected to be complete
before September 1996.
Dr. Grafendorfer indicated that he expects support from
Austrian organizations and others, in addition to the IFIP
community's support.
The IFIP Bulletin, in its entirety, is now accessible online through the World Wide Web, either by links from the IFIP home page at
or directly at
http://www.ifip.or.at/bullet27.htm
The on-line Bulletin is continually updated, containing the
current addresses of officers of IFIP and its Technical
Committees, Specialist Group, and Working Groups, as well as
addresses of General Assembly members and of Member societies.
by Dr. Reinhard Posch (A)*
With the financial assistance of the Austrian Ministery for
Science Research and Arts, IFIP will investigate a new
communication technology for the needs of both the Secretariat
and the Technical Committees (TCs). This communication technology
will exploit a variety of infrastructures, from paper mail and
fax facilities to ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) and
the Internet, and even more advanced technologies. The target
communication will start with a "Hierarchical and Secure
Document Distribution Infrastructure" as well as a
Multi-Technology environment.
A steering committee, under the guidance of Prof. Kurt Bauknecht, (CH) the president of IFIP, has formed a task group consisting of the president, Mr. Plamen Nedkov, Administration Manager of the IFIP Secretariat, Prof. Gerald Quirchmayr of the University of Vienna, and Prof. Reinhard Posch of the Graz University of Technology. Details of the plans can be found on the WorldWide Web at
As it is my duty to coordinate the needs of the TCs, I would
be pleased to receive suggestions from the IFIP community for
further phases of the project and also for the field of
electronic publishing. Please send your recommendations to
Prof. Reinhard Posch Institute for Applied Information Processing Graz University of Technology Klosterwiesgasse 32/I A-8010 GRAZ, Austria e-mail: rposch@iaik.tu-graz.ac.at
* vice-chairman of TC11, and Austrian member of TC6 and TC11
Dear members of the IFIP community,
It is with great sadness that I inform you that Prof. Konrad
Zuse (D) passed away December 18, peacefully, in his family's
presence. Festivities for his 85th birthday were held in
Hünfeld, Germany, this summer, with many friends and colleagues
present, including Prof. Heinz Zemanek (A), a past president and
the historian of IFIP. Konrad Zuse, who built the first
electromechanical computer in 1938, devoted his life to the
development of application-oriented computing, and his high-level
programming language, PLANKALKUEL, anticipated many structures
and concepts of high-level languages later to be developed.
Konrad Zuse also made valuable contributions to social
implications of computing.
For IFIP, Konrad Zuse made his last appearance and
contribution at IFIP Congress '94, where he was a major
contributor to the History of Computing sessions. The IFIP
Technical Committee on Relationship between Computers and Society
(TC9), and especially its Working Group 9.6 on the History of
Computing, mourn the death of a great pioneer in our field. Many
of us also lose an outstanding mentor and close colleague.
Klaus Brunnstein, former chairman of TC9
The Austrian Computer Society, in cooperation with IFIP and
several other computer societies and Austrian ministries,
announces that the fifth International Conference on Computers
Helping People with Special Needs (ICCHP'96) will be held at the
Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Austria, 17-19 July 1996.
It has been noted that people with special needs seem to be
neglected in the application of computers to serve humanity. A
critical task of a democratic human society is to ameliorate the
lives of all its members. ICCHP'96 aims to provide an
international exchange concerning research and development,
especially in technology, medicine, and social sciences, for
people with special needs.
The conference topics are
The exhibition will feature technical equipment, systems,
software, and medical and pedagogical programs. It will be open
to Conference delegates as well as to the public.
V. Risak (A) is General Chair of the Conference; J. Klaus (D)
is Chair of the International Program Committee; and R. Wagner
(A) is Chair of the Organizing Committee.
For further information, please contact the conference office:
Klaus Miesenberger University of Linz Altenbergerstrasse 69 A-4040 Linz, Austria tel:+43-732-24 68-92 32, fax:+43-732-24 68-93 22 e-mail: icchp@mvblind.uni-linz.ac.at
Dr. Walter Grafendorfer
Dr. Walter Grafendorfer, an IFIP trustee, was recently named
Honorary Treasurer of CEPIS (Council of European Professional
Informatics Societies). Dr. Grafendorfer is Honorary Secretary
General of the Austrian Computer Society, a position he has held
since 1975 (with interruption). He is a communications engineer
and a Lecturer in Computer Science at the Universities of Vienna
and Linz, as well as other institutions.
CEPIS, an Affiliate Member of IFIP, was established to provide
a coordinated voice for the view of European informatics
professionals on major issues to European institutions. It
currently has twenty members from seventeen countries.
We recently received a notice about The Gathering, an
international computer-security conference held in New Zealand in
February. What caught our eye was the following enticement.
THE GATHERING: AT THE EDGE OF THE EARTH
If the possibility of being mugged adds excitement and
challenge to attending a conference, The Gathering is not for
you. In New Zealand, we have one of the lowest crime rates in the
world.
If your lungs need the feel of crisp, sharp pollution, The
Gathering is not for you. We don't have smog.
If you enjoy giving your money away, The Gathering is not for
you. Tipping is not done in New Zealand, and strangers will not
be continuously thrusting their hands in your face for gratuities
or charity.
If you love hustle, bustle, noise, and tall buildings, The
Gathering is not for you. Queenstown is a little town nestled in
the Southern Alps.
If you enjoy getting to a conference only to find out that everything is "extra," you'll hate The Gathering. There are no extras. Everything is included in the price of your registration. All you have to do is get here and find a place to stay -- and we'll help with that if you like.
Come and enjoy our southern hospitality. Take the opportunity
to relax, unwind, and get away from the rat race.
Second IFIP Intl. Conf. on Communication and Computer Networks -- SEACOMM 96
27-29 Aug 96, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia papers due: 29 Feb 96 contact: SEACOMM'96 Programme Committee Malaysian National Computer Confederation 46A, Jalan SS2/66 47300 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia tel: 603-7751576, fax: 603-7747026 e-mail: seacomm@sittdec.org.my http://bbshost.sittdec.org.my/conferen/seacomm/seacomm.htm
Fifth Intl. Conf. on Computers Helping People with Special Needs -- ICCHP'96
17-19 Jul 96, Linz, Austria papers due: 1 Mar 96 contact: Joachim Klaus, University Karlsruhe Engesserstrasse 4 D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany tel:+ 49-721-608-2760, fax:+ 49-721-69 73 77 e-mail: joachim_klaus@ira.uka.de
IFIP TC6/TC11 Intl. Work. Conf. on Communication and Multimedia Security
23-24 Sep 96, Essen, Germany papers due: 1 Mar 96 contact: Prof. Dr. Patrick Horster University of Technology Chemnitz Theoretical Computer Science and Information Security Strasse der Nationen 62 09111 Chemnitz, Germany fax.: +49 371 531-1810 e-mail: pho@informatik.tu-chemnitz.de
Ninth IFIP TC6/WG6.1 Intl. Workshop on Testing Communication Systems -- IWTCS
9-11 Sep 96, Darmstadt, Germany papers due: 11 Mar 96 contact: e-mail: iwtcs96@darmstadt.gmd.de http://www.darmstadt.gmd.de/~gattung/iwtcs/iwtcs96.html or Bernd Baumgarten tel.: +49-6151-869-263 e-mail: baumgart@darmstadt.gmd.de or Heinz-Juergen Burkhardt tel.: +49-6151-869-291/292 e-mail: burkhard@darmstadt.gmd.de or Alfred Giessler tel.: +49-6151-869-275 e-mail: giessler@darmstadt.gmd.de at GMD - TKT Rheinstr. 75 64295 Darmstadt, Germany fax: +49-6151-869-224
IFIP WG7.3 Intl. Conf. on Performance Theory, Measurement and Evaluation of Computer and Communication Systems
7-11 Oct 96, Lausanne, Switzerland papers due: 15 Mar 96 contact: perf96-submit@lrc.epfl.ch
Seventh IFIP/IEEE Intl. Workshop on Distributed Systems: Operation and Management
28-30 Oct 96, L'Aquila, Italy summary due: 31 Mar 96 contact: Gianfranco Ciccarella Scuola Superiore G. Reiss Romoli Via G. Falcone, 25 67010 L'Aquila, Italy tel: +39 862 336377, fax: +39 862 336363 e-mail: ciccarella@ssgrr.it or Roberto Saracco CSELT Via G. Reiss Romoli 274 10148 Torino, Italy tel: +39 11 2286906, fax: +39 11 2285685 e-mail: roberto.saracco@cselt.stet.it
IFIP TC6/WG6.1 Joint Intl. Conf. on Formal Description Techniques for Distributed Systems and Communication Protocols, and Protocol Specification, Testing, and Verification -- FORTE/PSTV'96
8-11 Oct 96, Kaiserslautern, Germany papers due: 19 Apr 96 contact: FORTE/PSTV'96 Organization Committee Univ. of Kaiserslautern P.O. Box 3049 D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany tel: +49 631 205-3426 or -3287 fax: +49 631 205-2640 e-mail: forte.pstv96@informatik.uni-kl.de
Intl. Conf. on Open Distributed Processing -- ICODP 97 26-30 May 97, Toronto, On., Canada
papers due: 27 Sep 96 contact: ICODP'97 Jacob Slonim IBM Centre for Advanced Studies 844 Don Mills Road North York, Ontario, Canada M3C 1V7 tel:+1 (416) 448-2245, fax:+1 (416) 448-2859 e-mail: icodp97@vnet.ibm.com
Will event organizers please note that calls for papers cannot
be listed in this column until the events have been approved by
IFIP.
GENERAL ASSEMBLY AND COUNCIL (AND RELATED MEETINGS)
Council 3-7 Mar 96 (Sun.-Thurs.), Sandton (near Johannesburg), South Africa GA 5-10 Sep 96 (Thurs.-Tues.) Canberra, Australia Council Mar 97 Slovakia (Bratislava or elsewhere) GA (contiguous to IFIP Congress '98) Vienna, Austria, or Budapest, Hungary GA (contiguous to IFIP Congress 2000) Beijing, China
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE AND WORKING GROUP MEETINGS
TC2 13-14 Jul 96 Oxford, U.K.
WG2 1 10-14 Jun 96 Rancho Santa Fe, CA, U.S.A.
17-22 Feb 97 Bischenberg, Alsace, France
WG2.2 Sep/Oct 96 Macao
97 Graz, Austria
WG2.3 15-19 Apr 96 Han-Sur-Lesse, Belgium
Jan 97 California, U.S.A.
WG2.4 3-7 Jun 96 Ameland, The Netherlands
Jun 97 Berlin, Germany
98 Colorado, U.S.A.
WG2.7/13.4 15-18 Apr 96 Vancouver, BC, Canada
WG2.9 second quarter 96 Northwestern U.S.A.
TC3 1-2 Sep 96 Wollongong, Australia
97 Ghent, Belgium, or The Netherlands
TC5 10 May 96 Trondheim, Norway
WG5.7 3 Nov 96 Kyoto, Japan
TC6 26-27 Apr 96 Montreal, Canada
6-7 Sep 96 Australia
or mid Oct 96 Zimbabwe
Mar/Apr 97 Cambridge, U.K.
Sep/Oct 97 Beijing, China, or Tunisia
Apr/May 98 Bulgaria or Denmark
TC7 17-20 Jun 96 Munich, Germany
Jul 97 Detroit, MI, U.S.A.
Jul 99 Cambridge, U.K.
TC8 12-13 Apr 96 Tucson, AZ, U.S.A.
WG8.1 7 May 96 Geneva, Switzerland
WG8.2 Dec 96 (with ICIS) Cleveland, OH, U.S.A.
Dec 97 (with ICIS) Atlanta, GA, U.S.A.
TC9 16-17 Mar 96 Tel Aviv, Israel
WG9.2 10-12 May 96 Copenhagen, Denmark
SIG9.2.2 13 May 96 Copenhagen, Denmark
WG9.5 7 Jul 96 Brighton, U.K.
WG9.6 9-10 Mar 96 Hamburg, Germany
TC10 Sep 96 Canberra, Australia
WG10.4 27 Jun - 2 Jul 96 Marioka, Japan
TC11 May 96 Samos, Greece
97 Denmark
WG11.1, 2, 5, 8 96 22 May 96 Samos, Greece
WG11.3 22-24 Jul 96 Como, Italy
WG12.2 3-6 Jul 96 (with ICML96) Bari, Italy
TC13 14 Apr 96 Vancouver, BC, Canada
WG13.1 16 Apr 96 Vancouver, BC, Canada
WG13.2 13 May 96 (during working conf.)
Geneva, Switzerland
WG13.4/2.7 15-18 Apr 96 Vancouver, BC, Canada
SG14 96 U.S.A.
Executive Board
K. Bauknecht President CH 95-98 A. Rolstadas Past-Pres. N 95-96 H.L. Funk Vice-Pres. USA 94-97 A.W. Goldsworthy Vice-Pres. AUS 95-98 W. Brauer Vice-Pres. D 95-98 G.R. Fairall Vice-Pres. ZW 95-96 G.J. Morris Secretary GB 93-96 A. Melbye Treasurer DK 93-96
Trustees
M. Ozeki J 93-96 D. Dolan IRL 94-97 D. Khakhar S 93-96 W. Grafendorfer A 95-98 P. Glenn CDN 94-97 M. Gottlieb IL 95-98 R. Johnson GB 95-98 C. Guy ZA 95-97
TC2: R. Kurki-Suonio SF 95-97 TC3: P. Bollerslev DK 91-96 TC5: T. Mikami J 93-96 TC6: O. Spaniol D 92-97 TC7: P. Kall CH 95-98 TC8: B. Glasson AUS 96-98 TC9: P. Jaervinen SF 96-98 TC10: E. Hoerbst A 93-96 TC11: B. von Solms ZA 94-98 TC12: L. Carlucci-Aiello I 96-98 TC13: J. Hammond AUS 95-98 SG14: J. Gruska SK 89-95
A Austria AUS Australia BG Bulgaria CDN Canada CH Switzerland D Germany DK Denmark FSU former Soviet Union GB United Kingdom I Italy IL Israel IRL Ireland J Japan N Norway S Sweden SF Finland SK Slovakia USA U.S.A. ZA South Africa ZW Zimbabwe